In a constantly changing era like the current one, it is sometimes necessary to stop for a while to reflect, observe and draw conclusions. Dealing with olive growing at 360 degrees, it would be foolish not to admit that we are in the midst of the effects of climate change. Walking through the olive-growing landscapes (but also of any other crop) you will realize how much things have changed and will continue to do so. The predictions of scientists between now and 2100 (which when observing time in geological eras are a breath of wind!) are aberrant! The 2023 IPCC report describes catastrophic climate consequences if the response is not timely. We talk about "code red", precisely because scientists have shown that the current warming of 1,1°C has already caused a dangerous disruption of nature and human well-being throughout the world.
In mid-April the soils have the physical characteristics of August… In some areas of southern Italy, the olive trees are in "complete pinking", typical phenological phase close to flowering. I would say that we're at least about a month ahead! If this condition were to persist until full flowering, the plants would be subjected to significant stress with repercussions on floral biology, which is already delicate in the olive tree. Olive flowers do not produce nectar e insects only collect pollen grains. Critical conditions such as strong, dry winds, rain and high temperatures affect pollination and they can reduce fruit set.
I Pollen grains land on the stigma and germinate, producing the pollen tube, which travels down through the style to fertilize the ovules that will form the embryos. Pollen tubes need an appropriate temperature to grow well. In cold environments, they grow slowly and may fail to reach the ovules or may reach them after their degeneration. High temperatures also inhibit pollen germination and slow or stop the pollen tubule.
And while those who cultivate seriously hope for an imminent rain that will help the olive tree to restore the ideal conditions for its development, on the other there are those who think that designing new systems (compared to the old olive growing) is the solution to all problems, perhaps by equipping the olive trees with modern irrigation systems.
Ma are we sure that water will always be available? Or would it be better to restore and protect local biodiversity? Centuries-old systems, although not very rational and with great management difficulties, have for centuries experienced and "absorbed" very heterogeneous climatic conditions and therefore respond with a certain certainty to water stress.
One thing is certain, we are in the midst of a change and although we are ready with different mitigation strategies, we will have to live together and act in full conscience.
